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Glaucoma refers to a number of conditions that all damage the optic nerve. Increased pressure in the eye is one of the ways the optic nerve is damaged. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness.
Often called the “sneak thief” of sight, most forms of glaucoma do not produce symptoms until vision is already severely damaged.
Although glaucoma is most common in adults over the age of 40, susceptibility is not determined by age alone. There is a genetic component, and those with a family history of the disease and of African descent are at increased risk.
Those with hypertension, diabetes and other systemic diseases are also at risk. Studies have shown individuals at greater risk for glaucoma may fit one or more of the following criteria:
Since early detection is critical to avoiding permanent loss of vision, individuals who possess any of the non-age-related risk factors should have regular examinations by an ophthalmologist every one or two years.
People should have glaucoma evaluation every two or three years after the age of 40, and every one or two years after the age of 60.
Open-angle glaucoma is the most common form and initially presents with no symptoms. The pressure in the eye builds up gradually. At some point, the optic nerve is damaged and peripheral vision is lost.
Without treatment, total blindness will occur. Similarly, people with normal-tension glaucoma will not experience any symptoms until they begin to lose peripheral vision.
Acute closed-angle glaucoma is the result of a sudden blockage in the normal outflow of eye fluid from the eye. Symptoms may include severe pain, nausea, vomiting and blurred vision.
Chronic closed-angle glaucoma progresses more slowly and the symptoms are much more subtle, much like in angle-closure glaucoma.
Acute closure of the peripheral drainage angle, characterised by a sudden increase in intraocular pressure.
The iris obstructs the eye’s drainage angle in a slow, progressive fashion.
The drainage angle is open but does not allow fluid to drain adequately for unknown reasons.
Deposits of a fibrillary material obstruct drainage of fluid from the eye.
Pigment dislodged from the iris obstructs the eye’s drainage structures.
Scar tissue from blunt trauma obstructs the outflow of fluid.
Various disorders cause blood vessels to proliferate on the iris and in the eye’s drainage structures.
The eye’s drainage channels form abnormally in utero